Normative Legal Theory

Professor Solum

Georgetown University Law Center

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Syllabus

 

Date

Topic

Assignment

Comment

September 5

Introduction to the Course

Lon Fuller, The Case of the Speluncean Explorers (html) or

PDF File

Be prepared to discuss Fuller’s hypothetical case.  How would you resolve this case?  Why?

September 12

Natural Law and Legal Positivism: An Introduction to the Issues

H.L.A. Hart, Positivism and the Separation of Law and Morals

&

Lon Fuller, Positivism and Fidelity to Law--A Reply to Professor Hart

These two articles were written in the 1950s—before the publication of Hart’s The Concept of Law.  What is at stake in the “what is law” debate?  Does the answer to the “what is law” question have any implications for legal practice, e.g. for how judges should decide cases?

September 19

The Method of Fit and Justification

Ronald Dworkin, Hard Cases, Riggs v. Palmer (html version of Riggs)

Is Dworking a “positivist” or a “natural lawyer” or something else?  What method does “Hercules” (the mythical judge) use to decide cases?  Do you agree with Dworkin’s analysis of Riggs v. Palmer?

September 26

Deontology: Kant’s Ethics

Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals

 

Onora O’Neill, A Simplified Account of Kant’s Ethics

The “Groundwork” is one of the most important texts in the history of moral philosophy.  What is Kant’s idea of “autonomy”?  What are the three formulas of the moral law?  Be sure to read O’Neill’s essay—it is short, accurate, and illuminating.

October 3

Deontology: Contractualism

Locke, Second Treatise of Government

 

Chapter 2

Chapter 5

Chapter 7

Chapter 8

Chapter 9

Chapter 11

 

Fred, D’Agostino, Original Position, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

 

Fred D’Agostino, Contemporary Approaches to the Social Contract, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

Locke’s Second Treatise has been hugely influential.  Feel free to read Locke somewhat “lightly.”  (You might want to focus on Chapters 2 and 5.)  The two short pieces by D’Agostino give us a “quick and dirty” introduction to John Rawls’s theory, which substitutes agreement in the original position for a social contract in a state of nature.  Why did Rawls abandon the “state of nature”?

October 10

Consequentialism: Bentham & Mill’s Utilitarianism

Assigned reading:

 

Walter Sinnott-Armstrong, Consequentialism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

 

Brad Hooker, Rule Consequentialism, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

 

Optional Reading:

 

Bentham, Principles of Morals and Legislation

 

Mill, Utilitarianism

Chapter One
Chapter Two
Chapter Three
Chapter Four
Chapter Five

The first two pieces give you an overview of “act consequentialism” and “rule consequentialism.”  Read Sinnott Armstrong & Sections 1-4 of Hooker.

 

Some basic questions:

What is “utilitarianism”?  What is “utility”? What is the difference between act and rule consequentialism? 

 

The Bentham and Mill readings are optional.

 

Jeremy Bentham has had an enormous influence on contemporary legal theory, even though his “hedonistic utilitarianism” has been superceded by other forms of consequentialism.  Mill has been less influential in law, but even more of a force in contemporary philosophy.

October 17

Consequentialism: Welfarism

Legal Theory Lexicon: Social Welfare Functions

 

Kaplow & Shavell, Fairness versus Welfare

(focus on pp. 1-38 & pp. 52-62)

 

Optional reading:

 

Kaplow & Shavell, Any Nonwelfarist Method

 

Solum, Public Legal Reason pp. 1485-1500.

 

I will lecture on the material in the optional reading.

Normative law and economics is one of the most influential normative theories of law.  We will discuss Pareto Efficiency and Kaldor Hicks Efficiency, and then move to Social Welfare Functions and the readings from Kaplow and Shavell.

 

What is welfarism?  Is welfarism a form of consequentialism?  Of utilitarianism?  What theory of utility do welfarists endorse?  How is welfarism different from Pareto Efficiency?  From Kaldor Hicks?

October 24

Virtue Ethics & Aristotle

Richard Kraut, Aristotle’s Ethics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

 

Rosalind Hursthouse, Virtue Ethics, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

 

Optional additional reading:

Fred Miller, Aristotle’s Political Theory, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

This week we will explore the third family of moral theories—aretaic or virtue-centered ethics.  What are the human excellences or virtues?  What role do the virtues play in Aristotle’s ethics?  In particular, what role does “phronesis” or practical wisdom play?

October 31

Virtue Jurisprudence

Solum, Virtue Jurisprudence: A Virtue-Centered Theory of Judging

 

Richard Kraut, “Justice in the Nicomachean Ethics” from Aristotle: Political Philosophy

 

Solum, Natural Justice

 

November 7

Natural Law and Legal Positivism Revisited

Excerpts from Raz

 

November 14

Public Reason and Incompletely Theorized Agreements

Legal Theory Lexicon: Public Reason

 

Solum, Public Legal Reason (pp. 1465-1485)

 

Additional Optional Readings:

 

Rawls on Public Reason

 

Sunstein, Incompletely Theorized Agreements in Constitutional Law

 

November 21

No Class

 

 

November 28

Democracy

Tom Christiano, Democracy, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy

 

Excerpts from David Estlund, Democratic Authority

 

December 5

Student Presentation

Hanah Volokh’s Paper

 

Tony Biagioli’s Paper